洋地黄的功效与作用禁忌
洋地黄的作用禁忌是什么?
要留意洋地黄的化学成分
1.毛地黄叶 分得强心甙20余种,是由三种不同的强心甙元与不同的糖缩合而成的。其中,由洋地黄毒甙元(digitoxigenin) 衍生的甙有:紫花强心甙(purpurea glycoside)A,洋地黄毒甙(digitoxin),洋地黄毒甙元单地黄毒糖甙(di-gitoxigenin-monnodigitoxoside),洋地黄毒甙元双洋地黄毒糖甙(digitoxigenin-bisdigitoxoside),夹竹桃甙(odoroside)H,洋地黄普甙(digiproside),洋地黄毒甙元-6-脱氧葡萄糖甙(digitoxigenin-6-dioxyglucoside)等;由不得羟基洋地黄毒甙元(gitoxigenin)衍生的甙有;紫花强心甙(purpurea glycoside)B,羟基洋地黄毒甙(gito-xin),羟基洋地黄毒甙黄毒甙元双洋地黄毒糖甙(gitoxigenin-bisdigitox-oside),即是芰脱林(gitorin);芰脱甙(gitoroside,gitoside),直地吉他林(igitalinum verum),美丽毒毛花甙(strospeside)等;由吉他洛甙元(gitaloxigenin)衍生的甙有:吉他洛甙(gitaloxin),葡萄糖吉他洛甙(glucogitaloxin),吉他洛甙元单洋地黄毒糖甙(gitaloxi-genin monodigitoxoside)即是毛花洋地毒甙(lanadoxin),喜他洛甙元双洋地黄毒糖甙(gitaloxigenin bisdigitoxoside),渥洛多式verodoxin),葡萄糖渥洛多甙(glucoverodoxin)等。是述强心甙大多数量次级甙,属于原生甙的有:紫花强心甙A和B,真地吉他林和葡萄吉他洛甙等[1]。还含甾体皂甙:洋地黄螺甾甙(digitonin),芰脱皂甙(gitonin),替靠皂甙(tigonin)[2],洋地黄孕烯三酮甙(digipronin),紫花洋地黄孕烯酮三醇(digipurpurin),紫花洋地黄孕烯酮甙(prupnin),紫花洋地黄孕烯二酮甙(purpro-nin),洋地黄酰甙(digacetinin),洋地黄孕烯环氧二酮甙(digi-nin),洋地黄富林甙(digifolein),洋地黄他洛甙(digitalonin)[3]等;酚性甙:去鼠李糖洋丁香酚甙(desrhamnosyl acteoside),连翘脂甙A(forsythiaside,forsythoside A),紫花洋地黄叶甙(purpurea-side)A和B,3,4-二羟基苯乙醇-6-O-咖啡-β-D-葡萄糖甙(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylalcohol-6-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucoside)[4];蒽酯类:洋地黄蒽醌(digitolulein),ζ-羟基洋地黄蒽酯(ζ-hydroxydigito-lulein),紫花洋地黄蒽醌(digitopurpone),熏点霉蒽醌(phoma-rin),熏点霉蒽醌-6-甲醚(6-O-methyl phomarin),异大黄酚(isochrysophanol)[5];;黄酮类:洋雪黄黄酮(digicirrin),木犀草素(luteolin)[6],芹菜素(apigenin),洋毛地黄次黄酮(dinatin),金圣草素(chrysoeriol),尼泊尔黄酮素(nepetin)[7]等;内酯类;洋地黄内酯(digiprolactone)即泊尔黄酮素(nepetin)[7]等;内酯类:洋地黄内酯(digiprolactone)即是黑麦草内酯(olliolide)[8,9]。2.毛药毛地草叶 分得强心甙40余种,主要是由五种强心甙元与不同的糖缩合而成的。其中,由洋地黄毒甙元衍生的甙有;紫花强心甙A,洋地黄毒甙元双洋地黄毒糖甙,洋地黄毒甙元单洋地黄毒糖甙,毛花强心甙(lanatoside)A,乙酰基洋地黄毒甙(acetyldigitoxin)a和b,洋地黄毒甙,洋地黄毒甙元岩藻糖葡萄糖甙(glucodigifucoside),夹竹桃双糖甙(odorobiolide)G,新夹竹桃双糖甙(neoodorobioside)G,洋地黄毒甙元葡萄糖甙(digi-toxigenin-β-D-glucoside),洋地黄毒甙元葡萄糖甙-6-去氧葡萄糖甙(digitoxigenin glucoside-6-deoxyglucoside)[1,10],洋地黄毒甙元-6-去氧葡萄糖甙[11],洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-D-洋地黄毒粮-β-D-木糖甙(digitoxigenin-3-O-β-D-digitoxosido-β-D-xyloside),洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-D-双洋地黄毒糖-β-D-xyloside),洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-D-双洋地黄毒糖-β-D-木糖甙(digitoxigenin-3-O-β-D-bisdigitoxoside-β-D-xyloside)[12]等;由羟基洋地黄毒甙元衍生的甙有:紫花洋地黄甙B,羟基洋地黄毒甙,羟基洋地黄毒甙元双洋地黄毒糖甙,芰脱甙,直地吉他林,美丽毒毛旋花子甙,葡萄糖芰脱林(glucogitonrin),毛花强心甙(lanatoside)B,乙酰基羟基洋地黄毒甙(acetyl gitoxin)a和b,羟基洋地黄毒甙,羟基洋地黄毒甙元岩藻糖葡萄糖甙(glucogitofucoside),芰脱林,美丽毒毛旋花子甙,真地吉他林[1,10]告示;由吉他洛甙元衍生的甙有;毛花强心E,乙酰基吉他洛甙(acetylgitaloxin),吉他洛甙,吉他洛甙元单洋地黄毒糖甙,葡萄糖渥洛多甙[1,10]等;由异差基洋地黄毒甙元(digoxigenin)衍生的甙有;毛花强心甙C,去乙酰基毛花强心甙(desacetyllanatoside)C,α-和β-乙酰基地毒甙(acetyldigoxin),地毒甙(digoxin)又名地高辛,新地毒甙(neodigoxin),异羟基洋地黄毒甙元单洋地黄毒糖甙(digoxigenin monodigitoxoside),异羟基洋地黄毒甙元双洋地黄毒糖甙(digoxigenin-bisdigitoxoside),异羟基洋地黄毒甙元四洋地黄毒糖甙(digoxoside)[1,10],异羟基洋地黄毒甙元洋地黄又糖甙(digoxigenin digilanidobioside),葡萄糖新地毒甙(gluconeodigoxin)[12],洋地黄甙(digilanide)A、B、C[13],异羟基洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-洋地黄毒糖-β-D-葡甲基糖甙(digo-xigenin-3-O-β-digitoxosido-β-D-glucomethyloside),异羟基洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-digitoxoside-β-D-glucomethylostide),异羟基洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-双洋地黄毒糖-β-D-葡甲基糖甙(digoxigenin-3-O-β-bisdigitoxosido-β-D-glucomethyloside)[14],异羟基洋地黄毒甙元单洋地地黄糖甙(digoxigenin monodigitaloside)[15],异羟基洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-双洋地黄毒糖-β-D-2,6-二去氧葡萄糖甙(digoxig-nin-3-O-β-bisdigitoxosido-β-D-2,6-dideoxyglucoside),葡萄糖甙羟基洋地黄甙元四洋地黄毒糖甙(glucodigoxoside)[16],去甲基毛花强心甙(deslanatoside)[17],异羟基洋地黄毒甙地-3-O-β-双洋地黄毒糖-β-bisdigtoxoside-β-D-2,6-dideoxyglucoside),葡萄糖异羟基洋地黄甙元四洋地黄毒糖甙(glucosidegoside)[16],去甲基毛花强心甙(deslanatoside)[17],异羟基洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-双洋地黄毒糖-β-D-木粮甙(digoxigenin-3-O-β-bisdigitoxoside-β-D-xylos-de)[12]等;由双羟基洋地黄毒甙元(diginatigenin)衍生的甙有:毛花强心甙(lanatoside)D,去乙酰基毛花强心甙(desacetyl lanato-side)D,双羟基洋地黄毒甙(diginatin),乙酰基双羟基洋地黄毒甙(acetyl diginatin)[1,10],又羟基洋地黄毒甙元-3-O-β-D-digitaloside)[14]等。上述甙中属于原生黄富林甙,毛花洋地黄富林甙(lanafolein)[18],紫花洋地孕类酮三醇甙。紫花洋地黄孕烯酮甙[19]等;黄酮类:3-去甲氧基棕鳞矢车菊甙(jaceoside),尼泊尔黄酮素,木犀草素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside),粗毛豚草素(sispi-dulin)[20]、5、7、4-三羟基-6,3-二甲氧基黄酮(5、7、4-trihy-droxy-6,3-dimethoxyflavone)[21],柳穿鱼素(pectolinarigenin),去甲氧基矢车菊黄酮素(desmethoxycentaureidin),芹菜素[22]等。
洋地黄的临床应用是什么?
《新华本草纲要》:叶:强心剂。
用于兴奋心肌,增加心肌收缩力,使收缩期的血液输出量增加,改善血液循环。
对心脉水肿患者有利尿作用。